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Chemical Reactions and Equations (Class 10 Science) Part 3

 

Types of chemical reaction

The chemical reaction are classified into different classes depending upon the type of chemocal changes taking place. These reactions are as follows :

 

1.  Combination Reaction :-

          A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product, is called combination reaction, e.g.

 

CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat

 

C(s) + O2(g)     CO2(g)

 

2.  Decomposition Reaction :-

          A reaction in which a single reactants breaks down to form two or more products, is known as decomposition reaction. This reaction is opposite to combination reaction. e.g.

CaCO3(s)    CaO(s)  +  CO2(g)

 

2AgCl(s)    2Ag(s) +  Cl2(g)

 

2NaCl(l)    2Na(s)  +  Cl2(g)

 

 

3.  Exothermic and Endothermic reaction :-

          Depending upon whether heat is evolved or absorbed during a reaction, the reaction can be exothermic or endothermic.

(i)Exothermic reactions :-  The reaction which are accompanied by the evolution of heat, are called exothermic reactions or the reaction in which heat is released along with the formation of products are called exothermic reaction. e.g.

a)    Burning of natural gas

CH4(g)  +  2O2(g)    CO2(g)

b)   Burning of Magnesium ribbon

2Mg(s) + O2(g)    2MgO(s)  +  Heat

(ii)     Endothermic reaction :-  The reaction which occur by the absorption of heat/energy are called endothermic reactions. e.g.

6CO2(aq)  +  12H2O(l)    C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O


NH4Cl(s) + Heat → NH3(g)  +  HCl(g)

 

4.  Displacement reaction :-

          When a more reactive element displaces less reactive elwmwnt from its compound, it is called displacement reaction. this reaction is of two types :

(i)    Single displacement reaction :  It is a type of chemical reaction where an element reacts with a compound and takes the place of another element in that compound is called single displacement.

        Zn(s)   +  CuSO4(aq)    ZnSO4(aq)  +  Cu(s)

(ii)    Double displacement reaction :  The reaction in which two different ions or group of atoms in the reactant molecule are displaced by each other is called double displacement reaction.

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)    BaSO4(s)  +  2NaCl(aq)

 

5.  Oxidation and Reduction reaction :-

OXIDATION :

          It can be defined as

The process in which oxygen is added to a substance.

Or

The process in which hydrogen is removed from a substance.

Or

The process in which a substance loss electrons.

e.g.

2H2S  +  O2    2S  +  2H2O

2Cu  +  O2    2CuO

 

REDUCTION :

          It can be defined as

The process in which oxygen is removed from a substance.

Or

The process in which hydrogen is added to a substance.

Or

The process in which a substance gains electrons.

e.g.

2Na  +  H2    2NaH

Zn2+  +  2e−    Zn

 

Oxidising agents :  The substance which can bring about oxidation of other substances is called an oxidising agent.

Reduction agent :  The substance which can bring about reduction of other substance is called a reducing agent.

 

Redox Reaction :-

          Those reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously, are called redox reactions. e.g.

CuO  +  H2    Cu  +  H2O

          In this reaction the copper oxide is losing oxygen and is being reduced. Whereas oxygen is added to hydrogen and is being oxidised.

 

 

 Corrosion 

          The phenomenon due to which open surface of the metals are slowly eaten away by the reaction of air, water, and chemicals present in the atmosphere is called corrosion.

e.g. Iron articles are shiny when new, but get coated with a reddish brown powder when left for some time.

The process of corrosion of iron is Calles rusting. The rusting of iron is a redox reaction. the black coating on silver and the green coating on copper are other examples of corrosion.

Painting, Galvanising, electroplating are some of the methods to prevent corrosion.

 

Effects of Corrosion

(i)              Corrosion causes damages to car bodies, bridges, iron railings, ships, and all objects made up of metals, specially those which are made up of iron.


(ii)           Corrosion is a wasteful process in most of cases. Every year tons of various metals especially iron get wasted in the country.

 

Rancidity

 

It is the process of slow oxidation of oil and fat present in the food material resulting in the change of smell and taste in them. The method to prevent rancidity are :

(i)              Keeping food material in air tight containers.

(ii)           Refrigeration of cooked food at low temperature.

(iii)        Packing of food items like potato wafers etc in packets containing nitrogen gas instead of air.

(iv)         Avoid keeping cooked food and food materials in  direct sunlight.

 


Part 1        Part 2




 

Chemical Reactions and Equations (Class 10 Science) Part 2

 

Balanced chemical equation

            A balanced chemical equation is that in which the total number of atoms of each element are equal on both sides of the equation. The balancing of a chemical equation is based on law of conservation of mass. According to this – “mass can neither be created nor be destroyed during a chemical reaction.”

 

            The method used for balancing chemical reaction is called hit and trial method as we make trials to balance the equation by using the smallest whole number coefficient. In this method the number of atoms of each element remains the same, before and after a chemical reaction.

 


BALANCING A CHEMICAL EQUATION

            Several steps are involved in balancing a chemical equation. These steps are as follows :-

Step (a) Writing unbalanced equation and enclosing the formulae in brackets.

(Na) + (H2O) → (NaOH) + (H2)

 

Step (b) Making list of number of atoms of different atoms of different elements as present in unbalanced equation.

Element

Number of Atoms in Reactants (LHS)

Number of Atoms in Products (RHS)

Na

1

1

H

2

3

O

1

1

 

Step (c) Balancing first element

            From the table shown above, it is clear that it is only the hydrogen atoms, which are unbalanced. So , firstly we try to balance it.

Atoms of H

In reactants

In products

Initialy

2 (in H2O)

3 (1 in NaOH and 2 in H2)

To Balance

2x2

2x1 in NaOH

2 in H2 = 4H atoms

Step (d) Balancing second element

            We examine the obtained equation and select another element which is still unbalanced. In the above equation, Na is still unbalanced. To balance the number of Na- atoms,

Atoms of Na

In reactants

In products

Initialy

1 in (Na)

2 (in NaOH)

To Balance

2x1

2

 

Thus after balancing Na and removing the brackets, we get the equation:

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

 

Step (e) Balancing other element

            If we further examine the reaction, no element is found to be unbalanced. This method of balancing chemical equation is called hit and trial method.

 

Step (f) Checking the correction of equation

            To check the correctness of the equation, we further tabulate the number of atoms of each element separately.

 

Element

Number of Atoms in Reactants (LHS)

Number of Atoms in Products (RHS)

Na

2

2

H

4

4

O

2

2

 

 Making a chemical equation more informative

(i)                The physical states of the reactants and products can be represented by using symbols, (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, (g) for gas and (aq) for aqueous solution.

(ii)             The specific conditions of the reaction like temperature, pressure, catalyst etc., are written above or below the arrow in the chemical equation.

(iii)           Evolution of heat or absorption of heat can be indicated by writing [+Heat] on the right hand side or left hand side of the equation.

Example –

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + Heat

Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + H2


part 1       Part 3

Chemical Reactions and Equations (Class 10 Science) Part 1


Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a change in which one or more substances or reactants reacts to to form new substances with different properties.

The reacting species (molecule, atom or ion) are known as reactants (the substances that undergo chemical change in the chemical reaction) and the new species formed as a result of the reaction are called products (the new substances formed during reaction).

 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

In the above chemical reaction , sodium hydroxide and hydrogen are the products and sodium and water are the reactants.

 

 

Identification of chemical reaction

A chemical reaction can be identified by either of the following observations –

(i)                Change in state

(ii)             Change in colour

(iii)           Evolution of gas

(iv)           Change in temperature

(v)              Formation of precipitate

 

Chemical Equations

 

A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.

Methane  + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

This equation is called “ word equation”. The word equation can be changed in to a chemical equation by writting symbol and formulae of the substances in place of their name.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

 


Writing a Chemical Equation

A chemical equation shows a change of reactants to products through an arrow (→) placed between them.

On the left hand side (LHS) of the arrow reactants are written with a plus sign (+) between them. Similarly on the right hand side (RHS) , products are written  with a plus sign (+) between them.

            The arrow head points towards the products and shows the direction of the reaction.

Mg + O2 MgO

In the above equation, number of magnesium and oxygen atoms are not same on both sides of ab equation. Such an unbalanced equation is called skeletal chemical equation.


Part 2       Part 3

рдШुрдШुрддिрдпा рдд्рдпौрд╣ाрд░, рдордХрд░ рд╕ंрдХ्рд░ांрддि // рдХुрдоाрдКँ рдХा рдк्рд░рд╕िрдж्рдз рдд्рдпौрд╣ाрд░

рднाрд░рдд рдПрдХ рд╡िрд╡िрдз рд╕ंрд╕्рдХृрддि рдХा рджेрд╢ рд╣ै। рдпрд╣ां рд╕्рдеाрди рд╕्рдеाрди рдХेрд╕ाрде  рдЕрдиेрдХ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рдХे рдд्рдпोрд╣ाрд░ рдордиाрдпे рдЬाрддे рд╣ैं। рдЗрди्рд╣ीं рд╕्рдеाрдиों рдоें рднाрд░рдд рдХा рдПрдХ рд╡िрд╡िрдз рд╕ंрд╕्рдХृрддि рд╡िрд░ाрд╕рддों рд╕े рдзрдиी рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЖрддा рд╣ै рдЙрдд्рддрд░ाрдЦंрдб। рдЖрдЬ рд╣рдо рдЙрдд्рддрд░ाрдЦंрдб рдХे рдХुрдоाрдКँ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдоें рдордиाрдП рдЬाрдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рдПрдХ рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ рдд्рдпौрд╣ाрд░ "рдШुрдШुрддिрдпा" рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें рдЖрдкрдХो рдмрддा рд░рд╣े рд╣ैं। рдкूрд░ा рд▓ेрдЦ рдз्рдпाрди рд╕े рдкреЭें рдФрд░ рдЬाрдиें рдЗрд╕ рдд्рдпोрд╣ाрд░ рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें।


         рдЙрдд्рддрд░ाрдЦंрдб рдХे рдХुрдоाрдКँ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдоें рдпрд╣ рдд्рдпौрд╣ाрд░ рдордХрд░ рд╕ंрдХ्рд░ांрддि рдХे рджिрди рдордиाрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै। рдЗрд╕ рдд्рдпोрд╣ाрд░ рдХो рдЙрдд्рддрд░ाрдЦंрдб рдоें рдЙрдд्рддрд░ाрдпрдгी рдХे рдиाрдо рд╕े рднी рдЬाрдиा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै। рдХ्рдпोंрдХि рдЗрд╕ рджिрди рд╕े рд╕ूрд░्рдп рджрдХ्рд╖िрдг рджिрд╢ा рд╕े рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рджिрд╢ा рдХी рдФрд░ рдШूрдордиे рд▓рдЧрддा рд╣ै। 

рдЧреЭрд╡ाрд▓ рдоें рдЗрд╕े рдЦिрдЪреЬी рд╕ंрдХ्рд░ांрддि рдХे рдиाрдо рд╕े рдЬाрдиा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै। рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рд▓ोрдХोрдд्рд╕рд╡ рд╣ै। рдЗрд╕ рджिрди рдПрдХ рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рдХा рд╡्рдпंрдЬрди рдмрдиाрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै рдЬिрд╕рдХा рдиाрдо рд╣ै "рдШुрдШुрдд" , рдЗрд╕ी рдХाрд░рдг рдЗрд╕े рдШुрдШुрддिрдпा рдд्рдпाрд░ рднी рдХрд╣рддे рд╣ैं। рдХрдИ рдд्рдпौрд╣ाрд░ рд╣ैं рдЬो рдХिрд╕ी рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ рдкрд╢ु рдкрдХ्рд╖िрдпों рдХे рд▓िрдП рдордиाрдпे рдЬाрддा рд╣ैं, рдкрд░ंрддु рдХुрдоाрдКं рдоें рдордиाрдпा рдЬाрдиे рд╡ाрд▓ा рдпрд╣ рдд्рдпौрд╣ाрд░ рдХौрд╡ों рдХो рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ рднोрдЬрди рдХрд░рдиे рдХा рдд्рдпौрд╣ाрд░ рд╣ै। рдЗрд╕ рджिрди рд╕ुрдмрд╣ рд╕ुрдмрд╣ рдЙрдардХрд░ рдмрдЪ्рдЪे рдХौрд╡े рдХो рдкрдХрд╡ाрди рдЦाрдиे рдХो рдмुрд▓ाрддे рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рд▓ोрдХोрдХ्рддि рдЧाрддे рд╣ैं -

"рдХाрд▓े рдХौрд╡ा рдХाрд▓े, рдШुрдШुрддी рдоाрд▓ा рдЦाрд▓े,

рд▓े рдХौрд╡ा рдмреЬा, рд╣рдоुрди рдХे рджिрдпे рд╕ुрдиु рдШреЬा ।"

рдЗрд╕рдХा рдЕрд░्рде рдпрд╣ рд╣ै рдХि - рдХाрд▓े рдХौрд╡ा рдЖрдУ, рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рдШुрдШुрддे рдХा рдкрдХрд╡ाрди рдЦाрдУ, рдЗрд╕рдХे рд╕ाрде рдпрд╣ рдмреЬा (рдЙрд░рдж рдХी рджाрд▓ рдХा рдкрдХрд╡ाрди) рднी рдЦाрдУ рдФрд░ рд╣рдордХो рдПрдХ рд╕ोрдиे рдХा рдШреЬा рд▓ेрдХрд░ рджो। 



рдШुрдШुрддिрдпा рдд्рдпौрд╣ाрд░ рдордиाрдиे рдХे рдкीрдЫे рдПрдХ рд▓ोрдХрдХрдеा рд╣ै | рдЬрдм рдХुрдоाрдКं рдоें рдЪंрдж рд╡ंрд╢  рдХे рд░ाрдЬा рд░ाрдЬ рдХрд░рддे рдеे , рддो рдЙрд╕ рд╕рдордп рдПрдХ рд░ाрдЬा рдеे рдХрд▓्рдпाрдг рдЪंрдж । рдЬिрдирдХी рдХोрдИ рд╕ंрддाрди рдирд╣ीं рдеी,рд╕ंрддाрди рдиा рд╣ोрдиे рдХे рдХाрд░рдг рд░ाрдЬा рдФрд░ рд░ाрдиी рдЪिрди्рддिрдд рд░рд╣рддे рдеे | рдЙрдирдХा рд▓ाрд▓рдЪी рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдпрд╣ рд╕ोрдЪрддा рдеा рдХि рдЬрдм рд░ाрдЬा рдХी рдоृрдд्рдпु рд╣ोрдЧी рддो рдпрд╣ рд╕ाрд░ा рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЙрд╕рдХा рд╣ो рдЬाрдПрдЧा | рдПрдХ рдмाрд░ рд░ाрдЬा рдХрд▓्рдпाрдг рдЪंрдж рдЕрдкрдиी рдкрдд्рдиी рдХे рд╕ाрде рдмाрдЧрдиाрде рдоंрджिрд░ (рдмाрдЧेрд╢्рд╡рд░)  рдХे рджрд░्рд╢рди рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЧрдП рдФрд░ рд╕ंрддाрди рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддि рдХे рд▓िрдП рдордиोрдХाрдордиा рдХрд░ी рдФрд░ рдХुрдЫ рд╕рдордп рдмाрдж рд░ाрдЬा рдХрд▓्рдпाрдг рдЪंрдж рдХो рдкुрдд्рд░ рдХी рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддि рд╣ुрдИ  , рдЬिрд╕рдХा рдиाрдо рдЙрди्рд╣ोंрдиे “рдиिрд░्рднрдп рдЪंрдж” рд░рдЦा | рд░ाрдиी рдЕрдкрдиे рдкुрдд्рд░ рдХो рдк्рдпाрд░ рд╕े “рдШुрдШрддी” рдХे рдиाрдо рд╕े рдмुрд▓ाрддी рдеी рдФрд░ рдЙрди्рд╣ोंрдиे рдЕрдкрдиे рдкुрдд्рд░ рдХे рдЧрд▓े рдоें “рдоोрддी рдХी рдоाрд▓ा” рдкрд╣рдиाрдИ рдеी | рдоोрддी рдХी рдоाрд▓ा рд╕े рдиिрд░्рднрдп рдХा рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ рд▓рдЧाрд╡ рд╣ो рдЧрдпा рдеा рдЗрд╕рд▓िрдП рдЙрдирдХा рдкुрдд्рд░ рдЬрдм рдХрднी рднी рдХिрд╕ी рд╡рд╕्рддु рдХी рд╣рда рдХрд░рддा рддो рд░ाрдиी рдЕрдкрдиे рдкुрдд्рд░ рдиिрд░्рднрдп рдХो рдХрд╣рддी рдеी рдХि -

 “рд╣рда рдиा рдХрд░ рдирд╣ीं рддो рддेрд░ी рдоाрд▓ा рдХौрдУ рдХो рджे рджूंрдЧी” | 

рдЙрд╕рдХो рдбрд░ाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рд░ाрдиी

 “рдХाрд▓े рдХौрдЖ рдХाрд▓े рдШुрдШुрддी рдоाрд▓ा рдЦाрд▓े” 

рдмोрд▓рдХрд░ рдбрд░ाрддी рдеी | рдРрд╕ा рдХрд░рдиे рд╕े рдХौрдР рдЖ рдЬाрддे рдеे рдФрд░ рд░ाрдиी рдХौрдУ рдХो рдЦाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХुрдЫ рджे рджिрдпा рдХрд░рддी рдеी | рдзीрд░े рдзीрд░े рдиिрд░्рднрдп рдФрд░ рдХौрдУ рдХी рджोрд╕्рддी рд╣ो рдЧрдпी | рджूрд╕рд░ी рддрд░рдл рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдШुрдШुрддी(рдиिрд░्рднрдп) рдХो рдоाрд░ рдХрд░ рд░ाрдЬ рдкाрдЯ рд╣рдбрдкрдиे рдХी рдЙрдо्рдоीрдж рд▓рдЧाрдпे рд░рд╣рддा рдеा |


рдПрдХ рджिрди рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдиे рдЕрдкрдиे рд╕ाрдеिрдпो рдХे рд╕ाрде рдоिрд▓рдХрд░ рдПрдХ рд╖рдб्рдпंрдд्рд░ рд░рдЪा | рдШुрдШुрддी (рдиिрд░्рднрдп) рдЬрдм рдЦेрд▓ рд░рд╣ा рдеा рддो рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдЙрд╕े рдЪुрдк рдЪाрдк рдЙрдаा рдХрд░ рд▓े рдЧрдпा | рдЬрдм рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдШुрдШुрддी (рдиिрд░्рднрдп) рдХो рдЬंрдЧрд▓ рдХी рдУрд░ рд▓े рдЬा рд░рд╣ा рдеा рддो рдПрдХ рдХौрдП рдиे рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдФрд░ рдШुрдШुрддी(рдиिрд░्рднрдп) рдХो рджेрдЦ рд▓िрдпा рдФрд░ рдЬोрд░ рдЬोрд░ рд╕े рдХॉрд╡-рдХॉрд╡ рдХрд░рдиे рд▓рдЧा | рдпрд╣ рд╢ोрд░ рд╕ुрдирдХрд░ рдШुрдШुрддी рд░ोрдиे рд▓рдЧा рдФрд░ рдЕрдкрдиी рдоोрддी рдХी рдоाрд▓ा рдХो рдиिрдХाрд▓рдХрд░ рд▓рд╣рд░ाрдиे рд▓рдЧा | рдЙрд╕ рдХौрд╡े рдиे рд╡рд╣ рдоाрд▓ा рдШुрдШुрддी(рдиिрд░्рднрдп) рд╕े рдЫीрди рд▓ी | рдЙрд╕ рдХौрд╡े рдХी рдЖрд╡ाреЫ рдХो рд╕ुрдирдХрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХे рд╕ाрдеी рдХौрд╡े рднी рдЗрдХ्рдХрдаा рд╣ो рдЧрдП рдПрд╡рдо् рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХे рд╕ाрдеिрдпो рдкрд░ рдиुрдХрд▓ी рдЪोंрдЪो рд╕े рд╣рдорд▓ा рдХрд░ рджिрдпा | рд╣рдорд▓े рд╕े рдШाрдпрд▓ рд╣ोрдХрд░ рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХे рд╕ाрдеी рдоौрдХा рджेрдЦ рдХрд░ рдЬंрдЧрд▓ рд╕े рднाрдЧ рдиिрдХрд▓े |


рд░ाрдЬрдорд╣рд▓ рдоें рд╕рднी рдШुрдШुрддी(рдиिрд░्рднрдп) рдХे рдиा рдоिрд▓рдиे рд╕े рдкрд░ेрд╢ाрди рд╣ो рдЧрдП рдеे | рддрднी рдПрдХ рдХौрд╡े  рдиे рдШुрдШुрддी(рдиिрд░्рднрдп) рдХी рдоोрддी рдХी рдоाрд▓ा рд░ाрдиी рдХे рд╕ाрдордиे рдлेंрдХ рджी | рдпрд╣ рджेрдЦ рдХрд░ рд╕рднी рдХो рд╕ंрджेрд╣ рд╣ुрдЖ рдХि рдХौрд╡े рдХो рдШुрдШुрддी(рдиिрд░्рднрдп) рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें рдкрддा рд╣ै рдЗрд╕рд▓िрдП рд╕рднी рдХौрд╡े рдХे рдкीрдЫे рдЬंрдЧрд▓ рдоें  рдкрд╣ुंрдЪे рдФрд░ рдЙрди्рд╣ें рд╡рд╣ां рдиिрд░्рднрдп рдоिрд▓ рдЧрдпा | рдЬрдм рд░ाрдЬा рдХो рдпрд╣ рдкрддा рдЪрд▓ा рдХि рдЙрд╕рдХे рдкुрдд्рд░ рдХो рдоाрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдиे рд╖рдб्рдпंрдд्рд░ рд░рдЪा рд╣ै рддो рд░ाрдЬा рдиे рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХे рд╕ाрдеिрдпों рдХो рдоृрдд्рдпु рджंрдб рджे рджिрдпा |


 рдШुрдШुрддी рдХे рдоिрд▓ рдЬाрдиे рдкрд░ рд░ाрдиी рдиे рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╕ाрд░े рдкрдХрд╡ाрди рдмрдиाрдпे рдФрд░ рдШुрдШुрддी рд╕े рдХрд╣ा рдХि рдЕрдкрдиे рджोрд╕्рдд рдХौрд╡ो рдХो рднी рдмुрд▓ाрдХрд░ рдЦिрд▓ा рджे рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рдХрдеा рдзीрд░े рдзीрд░े рд╕ाрд░े рдХुрдоाрдКँ рдоें рдлैрд▓ рдЧрдпी рдФрд░ рддрдм рд╕े рд╣рд░ рд╕ाрд▓ рдЗрд╕ рджिрди рдзूрдо рдзाрдо рд╕े рдЗрд╕ рдд्рдпौрд╣ाрд░ рдХो рдордиाрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै | рдЗрд╕ рджिрди рдоीрдаे рдЖрдЯे рд╕े рдкрдХрд╡ाрди рдмрдиाрдпे рдЬाрддे рд╣ैं рдЬिрд╕े “рдШुрдШुрдд” рднी рдХрд╣ा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै | рдЙрд╕рдХी рдоाрд▓ा рдмрдиाрдХрд░ рдмрдЪ्рдЪों рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдХौрд╡ों рдХो рдмुрд▓ाрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै ।




рддो рдпे рд╣ै рдШुрдШुрддिрдпा рдд्рдпौрд╣ाрд░ рдХी рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ рдХрдеा, рдЖрдкрдХो рдпрд╣ рдЬाрдирдХाрд░ी рдХैрд╕ी рд▓рдЧी рдЕрд╡рд╢्рдп рдмрддाрдПं। рдЗрд╕ рдЬाрдирдХाрд░ी рдХो рдЬ्рдпाрджा рд╕े рдЬ्рдпाрджा рд▓ोрдЧों рдХो рд╢ेрдпрд░ рдХрд░ें рддाрдХि рдЕрдзिрдХ рд╕े рдЕрдзिрдХ рд▓ोрдЧों рддрдХ рдпрд╣ рдЬाрдирдХाрд░ी рдкрд╣ुंрдЪ рд╕рдХे।





makar sankranti

ghughutiya tyohar

uttarayani mela bageshwar

рдЙрдд्рддрд░ाрдпрдгी рдоेрд▓ा рдмाрдЧेрд╢्рд╡рд░

рдмाрдЧрдиाрде bagnath